Decond harmonic generation in quantum cascade lasers

Del Mar Photonics offer variety of standard as well as custom germanium etalons.

Here are few examples of Ge etalon specifications:

Ge etalon part number #GEFPE1/0.5 request a quote - sold in Greyhawk Optics nline store as part number E-Ge-12.7-25.4
Length 1.00 +/- 0.01 inch
Diameter 0.50 +/- 0.05 inch
1/4 lambda flat each end, HeNe
parallel to 3 ARC SEC or better
length measure to 0.0005"
small bevels
surface quality F-f(80/50) per MIL-F-48616

Ge etalon part number #GEFPE3/1.25 - request a quote
Length 3.00 +/- 0.01 inch
Diameter 1.25+/- 0.05 inch
Other specification as in #GEFPE1/05
Ge etalon part number #GEFPE20mm/1.5

Ge etalon part number #GEFPE20mm/1.5 - request a quote
dia 38.1 (-0.1) mm
thickness: 20 (+/-0.1) mm
Flatness: 1 fringe ( Lambda/2 at 633 nm) , delta N = 0.2 fringes
Surface quality: 60-40 s/d
Parallelism: < 2 sec
Perpendicularity: 5 min

Del Mar Photonics featured customer presentations:

Milliwatt second harmonic generation in quantum cascade lasers with modal phase matching

A. Belyanin et al

Milliwatt second harmonic power at 4.45 mm was achieved in InP latticematched quantum cascade lasers with monolithically-integrated resonant nonlinear cascades and modal phase matching. The use of an InP topcladding layer and high-reflectance coating on the laser back facet enabled high linear laser power and consequently record nonlinear power.
Introduction: Nonlinear light generation has the potential of expanding the functionality of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). In particular second harmonic (SH) generation has shown promise for extending the spectral range of QCLs beyond the limits imposed by the properties of the materials of choice [1, 2]. The mid-infrared range between 3 and 5 mm is of great importance for applications in high resolution in situ and remote trace gas sensing [3, 4]. SHgeneration in QCLs based on the well developed InP material system offers an alternative to other more technologically demanding lasers available in this spectral range.

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Quantum Cascade Laser-Based Photoacoustic Sensor for Trace Detection of Formaldehyde Gas

Angela Elia et al.

Abstract: We report on the development of a photoacoustic sensor for the detection of formaldehyde (CH2O) using a thermoelectrically cooled distributed-feedback quantum
cascade laser operating in pulsed mode at 5.6 m. A resonant photoacoustic cell, equipped with four electret microphones, is excited in its first longitudinal mode at 1,380 Hz. The
absorption line at 1,778.9 cm-1 is selected for CH2O detection. A detection limit of 150 parts per billion in volume in nitrogen is achieved using a 10 seconds time constant and 4
mW laser power. Measurements in ambient air will require water vapour filters.

Keywords: Formaldehyde; Quantum cascade laser; Photoacoustic spectroscopy; Trace gas sensor.

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A New Quantum-Cascade Laser Based Spectrometer for High-Precision Airborne CO2 Measurements

Rodrigo Jiménez et al. Harvard University – Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences

We present a new, compact, fast response mid-IR laser spectrometer for high-precision airborne measurements of CO2. The instrument is based on a
thermoelectric-cooled, pulsed-operated DFB quantum-cascade (QC) laser. Unlike conventional cryogenically-cooled Pb-salt diode lasers, QC lasers
display high mode purity and wavelength stability, and can be operated at near room temperature. This last attribute allows for a compact design and
simplified operation.
The CO2 concentration is derived from direct absorption dual-cell spectra obtained by electrical modulation at ~5-10 kHz of the laser wavelength across
a selected ν3-band transition at around 4.3 μm (typically 2311 or 2314 cm-1). The measurements are thus fully specific of the CO2 molecule and free
from interference of H2O or other mid-IR light absorbers. Sample gas humidity is nevertheless reduced to less than ~100 ppmv in order to restrain
density variation effects.
Absorption spectra of the sample and a flowing standard (reference) along a 10-cm (or 5-cm) path are simultaneously detected by LN2-cooled InSb
detectors. The CO2 concentration difference is retrieved from the differential spectrum (sample/reference). The advantages of this “null” mode
operation are discussed in detail.
The spectrometer includes a mechanism that allows directing the sample beam either to the cell or to a 25-mm Ge etalon for accurate wavelength tuning
rate determination. Additional technical details are discussed, including the impact of laser linewidth on the linearity of the measurements.
The spectrometer is enclosed in a temperature controlled, hermetically sealed vessel. The enclosure is flushed with CO2-free dry air previous operation
in order to avoid light absorption in the external path. Details on the gas temperature, pressure, and flow rate controls are also presented.
The demonstrated short-term precision of the instrument is better than ~75 ppbv Hz-1/2 (1-sigma in 1-s integration time) for CO2 concentrations within
±100 ppmv of the reference concentration. An accuracy of ±0.2 ppmv or better is insured through periodic calibration with high, low and “archival”

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Quantum Cascade Lasers Calibration

Customer wrote:
My application is calibrate the relative wavelength of tunable quantum cascade lasers in the mid-infrared (~10 microns). The laser itself is used for remote sensing of atmospheric gases.

FSR (Free Spectral Range) is determined by etalon length L and wavelength of operation λ

FSR= (λ²) / (2*n*L)

The most popular standard etalon is 1 inch long
For longer wavelength (> 10 micron) it's often necessary to use etalons 2-3 inches long to get required accuracy of calibration.

Del Mar Photonics offer variety of standard as well as custom germanium etalons.

Here are few examples of Ge etalon specifications:

Ge etalon part number #GEFPE3/1.25 - request a quote
Length 3.00 +/- 0.01 inch
Diameter 1.25+/- 0.05 inch
Other specification as in #GEFPE1/05
Ge etalon part number #GEFPE20mm/1.5

Model	Product Name+	Buy Now
CPPE-Ge-38.1-4	Germanium circular plane parallel etalon, ø 38.1 mm x 4 mm
E-Ge-12.7-25.4	Germanium etalon, ø 12.7 mm x 25.4 mm (ø 0.5" x 1")

Using Ge etalon in gas sensing project involving quantum cascade lasers

Jagadeeshwari (Esha) Manne, PhD student, University of Alberta

Project: Infrared absorption spectroscopy with Quantum cascade laser.

The advance of Quantum cascade (QC) lasers fabricated by band structure engineering offers an attractive new option for IR absorption spectroscopy. QC-DFB lasers are of particular interest to gas-sensing applications because they emit single frequency radiation which falls within the 3-15 um window, where the fundamental absorption bands of most of the molecules are located.

Research Activities:

QC laser characterization
Exploring different strategies for trace gas detection and comparing the detection limits and sensitivity for open-path measurements.

I am a graduate student pursuing my doctoral studies at the University of Alberta. The Ge- etalon will be used for non-profit research here at the university. I am presently working on a gas sensing project involving Quantum cascade laser.

The mid-IR region is ideally suited for absorption spectroscopy since the fundamental vibrational transitions of a number of molecules lie here. Quantum cascade (QC) lasers fabricated by band structure engineering offer an attractive new option for sensitive IR absorption spectroscopy. Distributed feed-back pulsed QC lasers are of particular interest for they allow the realization of a room temperature, compact IR source with relatively high output power. In particular, their combination with the pulsed-CRDS techniquehas the potential for high sensitivity trace gas analysis. The goal of our present work is to develop a technique for quantitative online analysis of trace constituents in exhaled breath. We are using pulsed-CRDS technique in combination with a mid IR QC laser operating near 970 cm^-1to measure ammonia levels in exhaled breath. An unlocked ring-down cavity was designed for these studies which can be operated at atmospheric or reduced pressure. We have already attained a detection limit of 25 ppb for ammonia. We are in a process of improving the system to get down to sub ppb levels with this technique.

The etalon will be used for characterization of the laser which would be an important step in choosing the right parameters for the laser for gas-sensing applications.

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